The Impact Of Sleep Disorders On Cognitive Function In Elderly Populations: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Abstract

Background: Sleep disorders are prevalent among elderly individuals and may significantly impact cognitive health. However, the association between sleep disturbances and cognitive impairment in aging populations, particularly within Middle Eastern contexts, remains underexplored.
Aim: This study aimed to investigate the impact of sleep disorders on cognitive function among elderly individuals attending healthcare facilities at King Khaled University, Saudi Arabia.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 1,330 elderly participants aged 60 years and above. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and cognitive function was evaluated with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected. Statistical analyses included t-tests, chi-square tests, and multivariate regression models to identify predictors of cognitive impairment.
Results: Poor sleep quality (PSQI >5) was prevalent in 65.6% of participants. Cognitive impairment (MoCA <26) was observed in 77.7% of the sample. Participants with poor sleep quality exhibited significantly lower cognitive scores compared to good sleepers (mean MoCA 21.3 vs. 24.8, p<0.001). After adjusting for age, gender, education, and chronic diseases, poor sleep quality remained an independent predictor of cognitive impairment (β = -2.6, p<0.001).
Conclusion: Sleep disturbances are highly prevalent among elderly individuals and are significantly associated with cognitive decline. Routine screening and management of sleep disorders may offer a critical opportunity to preserve cognitive function in aging populations. Future longitudinal and interventional studies are warranted to confirm these findings and guide preventive strategies.