Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations
Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations Journal Title: Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations (An international peer-reviewed academic journal) ISSN: 1841-2394, e-ISSN: 2471-0881 Publisher: Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations Publisher Address: Flat No: 202, Sri Aditya enclave, Mohan Nagar,, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Pin Code: 500068 Publisher E-Mail: editor@philolinginvestigations.com Frequency: once a year (May) Acceptance Rate (2023): 16% Impact IF 2023 of Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations is 7.61. Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations publishes mainly original empirical research and review articles focusing on hot emerging topics, e.g. computational linguistics, natural language processing, immersive multisensory virtual spaces, neuroethics, interactive sociolinguistics, supervised machine learning, data-driven decision-making, algorithmic sociality, etc. This journal considers only manuscripts having a high integrative value in the current Scopus- and Web of Science-indexed literature (i.e., citing preponderantly Q1 and Q2 sources published in the past two years). For collective SLR RTs, we may provide a somewhat standard structure and a list of reliable data visualisation and (reporting and methodological) quality assessment tools. Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations is indexed and/or abstracted in: CEEOL Cengage Learning/Gale CNKI Scholar Communication & Mass Media Complete Crossref DeepDyve Dimensions/Digital Science EBSCOhost EBSCO Discovery Service ERIH PLUS Hinari ProQuest Scopus SHERPA/RoMEO The Philosopher’s Index The Philosophy Documentation Center Ulrich's Periodicals Directory
Hermeneutic Nuances of Shoe-related Rhetoric in Iraqi Culture
Culture is complex and sensitive and due to the heterogeneous nature of the modern civilised world we ought to reflect on these differences to understand the other. Thus, what seems to be acceptable in one culture may be perceived as unconventional and very offensive in another. As Raymond Williams once said in his Keywords (1983) cultures ‘just don’t speak the same language.’ Showing the sole of one’s shoe to a fellow human is considered offensive in Arab culture. Although the term ‘shoe’ does not seem to have a wide semantic range in the West, culturally speaking, on the other hand, in the Arab world, it does, and especially in Iraq. Iraqis seem to have unleashed their linguistic creativity in applying a myriad of meanings to the term ‘shoe’ that vary according to gender, age, status, context and circumstance. Whether in plural or in singular form, it may be used to amplify or exaggerate, or to offend and insult. Iraqis experience the shoe linguistically but also see it as a flying object and as a “weapon of mass-destruction.” Perhaps the most notable “pitcher” in this context is Muntazar al-Zaidi, the journalist, who threw his shoes at George W. Bush during a press conference in Baghdad in 2008 and accompanied that act with a statement saying: ‘This is a farewell kiss from the Iraqi people, you dog.’ And so, when confronted with a shoe in Iraq, thoughts come to mind, all of which are of negative connotation leading to an incontrovertible conclusion that the sought-after objective is an insult of some kind. This paper attempts to trace the origin of this cultural attitude and the offensive nature of shoes and feet in Iraqi culture. It also seeks to explain the various hermeneutic nuances (literal, moral, allegorical) of such rhetoric in Iraq. The Arabic term qundara (‘shoe’) is a keyword that symbolically represents a cultural gesture and articulates a linguistic attitude which all Iraqis, and most Arabs, can relate to. Most significantly, this paper aims to deliver a comprehensive record of a cultural keyword as well as a sociolinguistic trend which has yet not been scholarly addressed.
Language Contact and Language Choice among the Marawari People of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
Marwari is one of the ethnic community of Nepal has been living in Kathmandu valley since 18th century. This research analyzes the language contact and language choice among the Marawari People living in Kathmandu Valley. The aim of this research is to understand the language choices made by the migrant settlers in their new environment, particularly for informal interactions. The study utilized the communication accommodation theory and the constructivist paradigm to analyze the data collected from 150 participants in 3 Marawari communities living in Kathmandu valley. The findings revealed that Hindi, the language of the Marawari, has been preserved and widely spoken across generations. However, the older generation of Marwari people used Newari and Nepali, while the younger generations engaged in code switching or code mixing with English, Newari, and Nepali. The setting and subject of communication also play role on choosing contact language in the process of communication.
Harnessing Artificial Intelligence in Marketing: Comparative Analysis of Platforms and their Features, Capabilities, and Applications
This study explores the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in modern marketing practices, focusing on four AI-powered platforms: Content Studio, Predis.AI, Visme, and Mailchimp. By comparing their AI functions, pricing structures, offerings, solutions, capabilities, propositions, and industry integrations, the research highlights the potential of AI to enhance consumer engagement, operational efficiency, and decision-making processes. The findings demonstrate the platforms’ ability to optimise marketing strategies, streamline workflows, and deliver personalised customer experiences across diverse contexts. Ethical considerations and future research directions are also discussed, providing a comprehensive understanding of AI’s impact and challenges in the marketing sector.
Language, Knowledge, and the Sacred: Al-Bukhārī’s Philosophical and Linguistic Journey in Ḥadīth Compilation
The distinct geographical locations of the Companions of the Prophet Muḥammad after his death necessitated travelling for the acquisition of knowledge, in particular ḥadīth, which became a major topos among early Muslim scholars. Muḥammad b. Ismā‘īl al-Bukhārī (256/810) played a key role in recording the ḥadīth of the Prophet Muḥammad, culminating in his magnum opus, al-Jāmi‘ al-Ṣaḥīḥ. This work profoundly impacted the ḥadīth tradition and the genesis of its sciences. Beyond the empirical quest for authentic traditions, Al-Bukhārī's work can be interpreted through the prisms of linguistics and epistemology, which shaped his methodological approach to knowledge transmission. This paper explores Al-Bukhārī's journeys not only as physical travels but as intellectual and philosophical voyages, emphasizing the interplay between linguistic precision and philosophical inquiry in the authentication and preservation of sacred texts.
Taoist Thought as a Framework for Understanding the Relationship between Humans and Animals in the History of Chinese Painting
This study examines the interaction between people and animals in Chinese painting through the lens of Taoism. The goal is to investigate the various meanings, issues, and ideas that develop within the works. It also investigates how Taoist ideology informs the representation of human-animal connections in Chinese paintings, whether it can influence current art, and whether it is relevant in the context of international contemporary art. The first part of the article will outline the background and current state of research, the problem statement, research objectives, and research ideas. The second part analyzes and organizes the descriptions of humans and animals in the history of Chinese painting through iconographic and documentary research methods. The third part explains and analyzes which ideas of Taoism have influenced the expression of the human-animal relationship in contemporary Chinese painting. The fourth part will extend to contemporary art to explore the artistic presentation of the human-animal relationship from the perspective of Taoism. The conclusion section includes a description of the findings and limitations of the study and a look into the future. The study analyzes the connection between Taoist philosophy and fine art, reveals the expression of human-animal relationships in art, and gives readers a new understanding of works on the subject of human-animal relationships.
The Tao of Art: Exploring Daoist Philosophy in Contemporary Art
This paper will explore whether Taoist thought is still applicable to the context of contemporary art and explore which theories in the Taoist thought system can be utilized by artists and rationally expressed in a variety of art forms (e.g., easel painting, installation art, performance art, eco-art, etc.). This article will use a combination of image analysis, literature research, and comparative study to explore its embodiment in contemporary art creation, including the penetration of the concepts of nature, life, and the universe. The article will first provide an overview of Taoist aesthetics, then use traditional landscape painting as an entry point, explain the fundamental painting theories of two painters who have had a significant influence on Tao, and finally analyze in depth how contemporary Chinese artists embody Tao elements, comparing and analyzing them with relevant artists from other countries. Finally, it examines how modern Chinese artists' works follow Tao principles and compares them to those of other countries. We present the article chronologically to explore the Tao's inclusivity and permanence across cultures, times, and countries. The contrast with ancient painters demonstrates how contemporary artists have used Taoist ideas to address modern society's ecological dilemma and spiritual distress, resulting in a philosophical and aesthetic creative expression.
AI-Driven Analysis: A Case Study on Assessing Argumentation Proficiency and Skill Development Through Sequential Submissions
This paper examines argumentation proficiency in essay writing, utilizing AI to investigate EFL students' development of argumentative skills across sequential submissions. Argumentation is crucial in academic writing, but assessing and grading it can be incredibly challenging due to its subjective nature. This study uses AI technology to evaluate students' argumentative essays in the College of Business and Science. AI-powered assessment is employed for two primary aims: assessing argumentation proficiency and identifying the progression of argumentative skills of the selected participants. Seventy-four students participated in the research through three assignments during the fall semester of 2024: an argumentative essay assignment, an argumentative essay test, and an argumentative-based research paper. An AI-based tool was used for argument analysis to provide detailed feedback across the selected argumentative submissions. The study results pointed out that the average grades at the end of the semester improved, and over half of the students improved their overall performance. Students' argumentative writing skills improved, as evidence indicates AI assessments enhance EFL outcomes and deepen understanding of students’ potential. It also highlights how new learning technologies can foster critical thinking and communication skills. The study recommends developing advanced AI tools to analyze and monitor skill growth across submissions, providing precise feedback for improved writing.
Role of Indigenous Knowledge Integration on Student Engagement in Science Learning
This study is carried out to examine the role of Indigenous Knowledge (IK) on student engagement in science learning. It employed a quantitative research approach utilizing a survey design to collect data from teachers' perceptions of integrating Indigenous Knowledge in student engagement. A structured survey tool was developed to collect data from teachers. Data collection was facilitated through Google Surveys, allowing participants to respond conveniently online. The investigator sent the link to the survey tool to the respondents via email, WhatsApp, and Messenger. 110 respondents responded to the Google form. The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS software, version 21. Results show strong support for IK inclusion enhancing student engagement. The demographic analysis highlighted the hilly region, and teachers aged 31-40 favoured a balanced integration of IK with Western science. Despite positive perceptions, challenges remain, such as a lack of training and limited IK resources. Most teachers viewed a gap in IK emphasis in curricula hinders student engagement. Chi-Square and Phi tests revealed no significant associations between perceived challenges and demographics. It indicates that training and lack of resources affect all teachers. The study confirms teachers' positive views on integrating IK enhances student engagement. However, emphasizes the need for complete reforms in training, resources, and curriculum support to improve inclusivity in science education.
Integrating Cooperation Between Thailand and Lao PDR In Organizing Tourism Activities on the Mekong River at Muang Chiang Khan, Loei Province and Sanakham City, Vientiane Province
research objective was to develop tourism activities along the Mekong River in Chiang Khan, Loei Province and Sanakham City, Vientiane Province. This qualitative research uses in-depth interviews, focus group discussion, and brainstorming meetings. The target group is leaders and members of various communities in Chiang Khan District, tour operator representatives from local administrative organizations including the people of Sanakham City, and qualitative data analysis by content analysis. The research results found that the guidelines for integrating cooperation between Thailand and Lao PDR as follows: should be carried out together, including organizing travel activities together, managing shared services creating public relations media together, and facilitating provided. A joint committee was established and Thai-Lao association was established. The results of the development of tourism activities on the Mekong River should be organized together as follows: organize activities on important Buddhist days together, organize traditional merit-making activities together, organize an exhibition of activities showing both sides of the Mekong River, car caravan activities travel the two countries of Thailand-Laos and ride a bicycle to reduce pollution, pay homage to 9 Buddha statues in two counties at Muang Chiang Khan and Sanakham, meditation and dhamma practice in temples in the two countries.
Critical Discourse Analysis of the Iraq War: Linguistic and Cultural Transformations
The research adopts Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to investigate the Iraq War by examining political discourse transformations and changes in media communication language and culture. Using the CDA framework developed by Fairclough and van Dijk, together with Wodak, allows researchers to study how language usage and ideological control, combined with power, manipulate societal views to legitimize military operations while directing societal culture. The examination of 17 scholarly materials that included political addresses, war accounts, and news articles enabled researchers to detect essential discursive patterns that showed manipulative maneuvers, partisan ideological expression, and linguistic treatment of both insurgency and terrorism. Western political leaders George W. Bush and Tony Blair achieved war legitimation through their positive self-portrayals and negative depictions of others during the conflict. Media outlets in European countries and America used their reporting to intensify religious conflicts in Iraq, which resulted in heightened war tensions. Media translations about war events modified public perceptions of the conflict. This study contributes to a new understanding of academic literature about propaganda in war, media influences, and discourse effects in global conflicts.
Human-Like and Humanoid Virtual Influencers (HVIs): Transforming Digital Marketing and Consumer Engagement
This study explores the role of human-like and humanoid virtual influencers (HVIs) in digital marketing and consumer engagement. Virtual influencers, computer-generated entities designed to emulate human behavior and appearance, became powerful tools in marketing, offering unprecedented control, consistency, and brand alignment. Drawing on data from platforms such as Storyclash, Dream Farm Agency, and Influencer Marketing Hub, this research examines the impact of prominent HVIs, including Lu of Magalu, Lil Miquela, and Shudu, across various industries such as fashion, e-commerce, and music. The study highlights the effectiveness of HVIs in fostering audience engagement through visually dynamic content and storytelling while addressing ethical concerns, including transparency, authenticity, and consumer trust. By analyzing their social media presence, follower metrics, and industry affiliations, the research highlights the advantages of HVIs in mitigating risks associated with human influencers, such as personal unpredictability, while acknowledging challenges in replicating the emotional depth of human interactions. This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of HVIs’ strategic positioning in brand management, advertising, and sales. It concludes with an assessment of their broader implications for marketing ethics and the integration of artificial intelligence in shaping future consumer-brand relationships. The findings contribute to the growing discourse on the potential of HVIs to redefine digital marketing practices and consumer perceptions in the evolving landscape of influencer marketing.
Observations and Attitudes on Classroom-Based Peer Feedback Dynamics in Academic Writing: Apprehension and Engagement
This study investigates students' attitudes and researchers' observations regarding classroom-based peer feedback. Seventy-six freshmen enrolled in (ENG102) within the General Education Department (GE) at the Modern College of Business and Science (MCBS) were selected through convenience sampling. Using a mixed-methods approach with student questionnaires and observation checklists, the study addresses students' apprehensions and engagement in the peer feedback process. Students expressed fears of offending their peers, lacking confidence in their writing abilities, and uncertainty about the feedback process. Despite these apprehensions, students actively engage in peer feedback, frequently revising their work based on the feedback they receive. Notably, 41% of students agree that peer feedback sessions improve their writing skills, with 29% strongly endorsing this view. Qualitative analysis reveals that students value constructive feedback and recognize its positive impact on their writing. The findings underscore the importance of addressing students' fears, providing guidelines and training, and fostering a supportive environment to enhance the effectiveness of peer feedback. These insights can inform the development of more structured and supportive peer feedback systems, contributing to better academic outcomes and collaborative learning experiences.
Beyond Stereotypes: The Ethical and Cultural Evolution of Women in Indian Literature
While Indian literature in general has always problematized the portrayal of women, it has often continued the millennial old prejudice rather than try to fathom out how their cultural and moral identities have evolved with time. However, modern stories have started to question such traditional representations in their tales and provide a real examination of women’s iniquity, capability, superior power, resilience and learning to find their way out. In this conversation the writers of Indian English fiction, specifically The Dark Holds No Terrors by Shashi Deshpande, Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri, Clothes by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni intervene with a reworking of women’s roles beyond stereotypes of subservience. These pieces not only highlight the moral conundrums, identity crises, and cultural compromises that all women face in their domestic as well as in their diasporic lives but also surface the practical considerations associated with the production of texts written by women. This is a discourse of conflicts of custom and self-assertion, of obligation and independence, of cultural affiliation and realm of individual development, looked upon from the point of view of Saru, Shobha, and Sumita. This study analyzes these stories as an effort to redefine the Indian woman not as a symbol of traditional values but as a person grappling with issues of social and ethical issues.
Development of digital skills through an VLO as an interactive strategy in the formulation of formative research projects
The development of digital skills is a key element in higher education, especially in technological and engineering programs taught remotely. This study describes a pedagogical strategy based on an interactive Virtual Learning Object (VLO), designed to strengthen digital competencies and improve the formulation of formative research projects. The educational intervention included the design, implementation and evaluation of the VLO through a pre-test and post-test, as well as a perception survey applied to the participants. The results showed a significant increase in the academic performance of the students, with an average difference of 1.6 points and a Pearson correlation of 0.88 in the group that received the most teacher support. It was evident that students with access to adequate digital resources achieved a better performance in their projects and perceived the VLO as an effective tool for their training. Finally, technological and pedagogical improvements are proposed to optimize the use of VLOs in future educational contexts.
Scope of Application of Criminal Mediation in Criminal Matters
The importance of the scope of criminal mediation stems from the general principles of criminal law, especially the principle of criminal legality, and that there is no punishment or crime without a text. Legal logic requires the designation of a criminal circuit in which the criminal mediation system is applied, considering it as a procedural system legislated to simplify, concise, and expedite the resolution of the case completely, abbreviating the rules followed in a regular criminal trial. It is based on different rules, which raises a question about the nature of the crimes subject to the application of criminal mediation. It is worth noting that it does not apply to all types of crimes, but rather to a specific group of them characterized by characteristics consistent with their nature. Therefore, the legislator who will adopt the mediation system in criminal matters must limit its scope to a specific area, preferably misdemeanors and violations, and attempt to reduce criminal offenses, as there is no way to achieve it in this regard except by following the regular rules, due to their balance between rights, freedoms, and justice.
Are EFL Students Aware of Their Learning Styles and Vocabulary Strategies
This study investigates the relationship between vocabulary learning strategies and learning styles among English Philology students in Poland. A total of 215 students from three universities participated. Language proficiency levels were assessed using the LexTale test, revealing that most students were at the B2 level. A questionnaire was administered to evaluate students’ learning styles and vocabulary learning strategies. Results indicated that kinaesthetic learners had a strong tendency to interact with native speakers, while reader/writer learners favoured flashcards. Auditory learners preferred mapping and word grouping, and visual learners opted for part-of-speech analysis. However, none of these preferences were statistically significant, suggesting that students’ strategies did not align with their declared learning styles. This study is part of a broader research project investigating vocabulary learning among Polish EFL students. The dataset allowed for multiple analyses, resulting in two articles: the present study on learning styles and a second on proficiency levels and strategy use. By dividing the data, each article offers a focused exploration of key factors affecting vocabulary acquisition. Findings highlight the need for pedagogical interventions to help students identify and adopt vocabulary learning strategies aligned with their learning styles. Future research should explore how strategy training can enhance vocabulary learning outcomes.
LogicDot: A Markov Rule-Based Inference Framework for Large Language Models
The paper introduces the LogicDot ( Logic-level Decomposition of Thought ) framework – an advanced inference method based on the Markov principle (i.e., each state depends only on the previous state, without keeping the entire history) to convert complex problems into independent atomic steps. Through the decomposition and reduction process, LogicDot allows the model to focus only on the current state, optimizing computational resources and minimizing errors due to information accumulation. Data analysis shows that most problems are divided into 2 to 4 sub-questions, reflecting the average complexity level, while problems with a larger number of sub-questions account for a low proportion. These results provide a theoretical basis and direction for developing effective inference strategies, thereby improving accuracy in multi-step tasks. The paper affirms the applicability of LogicDot in building efficient and resource-saving AI systems.
Spatial Cognition in Phonetic Acquisition: An AI-Enhanced LOCI Framework for IPA Symbol Mastery
This study examines the intersection of spatial cognition, artificial intelligence, and linguistic learning through an innovative LOCI-AI framework for IPA symbol acquisition. While spatial memory techniques enhance retention across various domains, their integration with AI technologies for phonetic learning presents a groundbreaking approach. Through a mixed-methods approach with 78 English language majors, including neuroimaging, qualitative interviews, and real-time AI-assisted learning analytics, we tested this specialized adaptation of the classical LOCI method enhanced by machine learning algorithms. Results show significant improvements in symbol retention (p<0.001), transcription accuracy (+42% versus +37% in non-AI approaches), and reduced cognitive load as measured by EEG markers. Neuroimaging revealed enhanced activation between hippocampal and language processing regions, which was further optimized using personalized AI recommendations. The framework proved particularly effective for traditionally challenging vowel symbols, with intelligent adaptive sequencing yielding a 15% improvement over the standard spatial framework. These findings contribute to cognitive psychology, linguistic education, and AI-enhanced learning by demonstrating how specialized spatial cognition techniques augmented by machine learning can transform abstract symbol learning into robust, personalized mental representations with practical applications for language acquisition.
From Athens to Andalusia: The Enduring Legacy of Plato, Aristotle, and the Islamic Philosophers
This article explores the foundational contributions of key philosophers—Plato, Aristotle, Al-Fārābi, Ibn Sīna, and Ibn Rushd—to the history of philosophical thought. It investigates their major ideas across metaphysics, ethics, epistemology, and political philosophy, emphasizing their relevance across cultures and time periods. The study also highlights the enduring influence of their work on both Islamic and Western intellectual traditions, showing how reason and revelation were negotiated in the pursuit of truth.1
Whispers of the Divine: Dreams and their Contested Place in Sunni Islamic Legal Tradition
Islamic law is renowned for its meticulous rules, reliance on material evidence, and detailed procedural standards. Yet, throughout Islamic history, there have been notable cases where dreams and visions, often seen as divinely inspired, have influenced legal decisions. This paper delves into the complex issue of whether and under what circumstances dreams or inspirations can be accepted as legal evidence in Islamic jurisprudence. Through the exploration of classical and contemporary scholarly views, legal texts, and historical precedents, this research aims to provide a nuance understanding of the Sunni Islamic legal perspective on the use of dreams and visions as a basis for legal rulings. The prevailing view in Sunni Islamic jurisprudence largely dismisses dreams as valid legal evidence, interpreting them as symbolic gestures or historical anomalies. However, a minority of scholars advocate for their legal relevance in specific contexts. This study proposes a more refined, intermediate position, suggesting that such experiences may serve as supplementary legal evidence under particular conditions. This study also seeks to analyze the broader theological implications of relying on non-material evidence in a legal system that traditionally values certainty and material proof. While spiritual experiences such as dreams hold great importance in Islamic thought, their place in legal matters remains a topic of debate.
Translation becomes through the transportation of texts across languages and cultures. This becoming is largely dictated by the Bakhtinian notion of centripetal forces (CF) of translation (CFT) that stands-for an established socio-cultural system of representation with its norms for knowledge production and consumption. Translation from Arabic into English, for example, is a case in point of how targets (translations) are influenced by the underlying CF that regulates what gets translated, how and molds target texts to fit preexisting representations in the receiving culture. Drawing on examples of literary translation from Arabic, mostly into English, this article interpretatively applies Mikhail Bakhtin’s centripetal forces to explore how they tailor translation to serve the requirements of a specific system of representation through text selection, discursive strategies, and other translational matters.
The Pedagogical Experiment on the Application of Contrastive Linguistics Theory in Teaching the Translation and Interpretation Course at Sai Gon University
This research examines the application of contrastive linguistics theory in teaching translation and interpretation at Sai Gon University. It focuses on translating interpersonal relationships in Gone with the Wind into its Vietnamese version, Cuon theo chieu gio. The study is based on the idea that contrastive linguistics, which analyzes language differences and similarities, can deepen students' understanding of cultural and linguistic nuances in translation. The main goal is to assess the effectiveness of using contrastive linguistics in teaching translation, particularly in literary works. Through a qualitative experiment, translation students translate excerpts from the novel, applying contrastive linguistic methods to tackle cultural and linguistic challenges. The results show that contrastive linguistics improves students' comprehension of both languages and enhances translation accuracy, particularly in rendering interpersonal relationships in culturally appropriate ways. The study concludes that incorporating contrastive linguistics into translation education significantly boosts students' analytical abilities and practical translation skills, promoting a more nuanced understanding of cross-cultural communication in translation.
Comparison between the Ideal City and the Smart City
The human vision of the ideal city differs from the concept of a smart city, although both seek to achieve a better living environment. While the ideal city focuses on philosophical, social, and aesthetic principles, the smart city relies on technology and innovation to improve quality of life. In this article, we will compare the two concepts in terms of their foundations, goals, and challenges.
The Intersection of Stylistics and Pragmatics in Contemporary Arabic Critical Studies: A Reading in Saber Al-Habasha’s Project
Modern Western stylistics, with its various approaches, has had a significant presence in contemporary Arabic linguistic, rhetorical, and critical studies. Arab scholars have engaged with stylistics in diverse ways—ranging from introducing its theoretical foundations and methodological principles to employing its terminological system, either wholly or partially, in the analysis of creative works, whether classical or modern. This engagement has evolved to include comparative approaches that aim to define the nature of the relationship between stylistics and several modern linguistic and rhetorical disciplines, most notably rhetoric, linguistics, literary criticism, functional grammar, and pragmatics. In this context, the present study aims—through description, analysis, comparison, and deduction—to examine the contemporary Arabic critical and linguistic output, shedding light on the comparative dimension between stylistics and some of the emerging linguistic fields, with particular focus on the relationship between stylistics and pragmatics. This is carried out by examining the work of the scholar Saber Mahmoud Al-Habasha, in an effort to answer the central question: What is the nature of the relationship between stylistics and pragmatics in contemporary Arabic studies—and how did Saber Mahmoud Al-Habasha conceptualize it?
Visibility and Dissemination of the Imbabura Geopark as a Sustainable Tourism Space
This article examines the degree of visibility and dissemination of the Imbabura Geopark as a sustainable tourism space, based on 384 surveys conducted among the inhabitants of the province in each of its cantons. Two analysis variables were identified, each with three dimensions of applicability; variable 1: Knowledge and dissemination of the Imbabura Geopark with its dimensions, knowledge and visibility, tourist experience, and dissemination and improvement; variable 2: Cultural heritage with its dimensions, sustainable tourism, cultural activities, and heritage. A positive relationship was determined between variables 1 and 2 with 42%, meaning that as "Knowledge and Dissemination" increases, so does "Cultural Heritage." This suggests that greater communication and understanding are associated with a better perception or valuation of cultural heritage. The study also shows the absence of an integrated communication strategy, resulting in a low level of promotion and visibility of cultural heritage and comprehensive tourist, advertising, and educational dissemination. In conclusion, the lack of awareness found in this research limits the attraction of visitors interested in geotourism, ecotourism, and authentic cultural experiences, which should be a fundamental principle guiding the development of tourism in Ecuador.
CRIMINAL POLICY ON HUMAN CLONING IN IRAQI LAW AND THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF ARAB COUNTRIES
This study aims to examine the legal foundations for criminalizing human cloning in Tunisia, the UAE, Egypt, Algeria and Iraq . Its significance arises from a comparative review of Arab legislation about human cloning from a criminal policy perspective. The findings indicate that Iraq’s lack of clear legislation creates a legal vacuum that may enable unregulated practices, potentially leading to the exploitation of cloning technology for illicit purposes. The study advocates for the enactment of explicit Iraqi legislation prohibiting human cloning, reinforced by stringent criminal penalties to prevent the misuse of this technology. Furthermore, it calls for enhanced cooperation among Arab nations to establish a unified legal framework governing cloning technologies, thereby safeguarding ethical and societal values from potential violations.
Challenges and Solutions in Using the Debating Technique to Enhance Speaking Performance among University English Majored Seniors
In the field of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) instruction, debate has emerged as a promising communicative technique for enhancing students’ speaking abilities. Despite its potential, implementation among university English majors particularly seniors presents persistent challenges. This study explores the difficulties encountered and possible solutions in applying the debating technique to improve speaking performance among senior English majors at Sai Gon University. The research aims to examine both pedagogical barriers and the practical benefits of debate in promoting fluency, coherence, and critical thinking within academic speaking contexts. A mixed-methods design was adopted, combining quantitative data from structured questionnaires with qualitative insights derived from semi-structured surveys. One hundred English majored seniors participated in the study. The results indicate that while debate significantly boosts students’ fluency and speaking confidence, several challenges remain, including anxiety, limited vocabulary, weak critical thinking skills, and unfamiliarity with debate structures. Students cited time limitations and a lack of instructional support. To address these issues, the study recommends pre-debate training, scaffolding of debate topics, and gradual integration of debate into the speaking curriculum. Ultimately, the findings underscore the effectiveness of debate when supported by appropriate pedagogy and emphasize the need for contextualized teaching strategies and instructor development.
The Role of Forests in Supporting Sustainable Livelihoods for Indigenous Communities in the Central Highlands, Vietnam
This study focuses on analyzing the role of forests in supporting sustainable livelihoods for ethnic minority communities in the Central Highlands of Vietnam, in the context of increasingly severe climate change and environmental degradation. Based on a survey of 350 households in Đắk Lắk, Kon Tum, and Gia Lai, the research clarifies that forests are not only a source of natural resources such as timber, non-timber forest products, and water, but are also closely connected to the beliefs, culture, and livelihoods of local communities. Initiatives such as Payments for Forest Environmental Services (PES), forest protection contracts, and agroforestry models have proven effective in improving incomes and conserving forests. PES provides a stable income of 5–10 million VND per household per year, while forest-based ecotourism and indigenous cultural tourism contribute an additional 15–20 million VND per household per year. However, the study highlights major challenges such as forest degradation due to the expansion of industrial crops, prolonged droughts, soil erosion, and land conflicts arising from free migration and the lack of legal land use rights. The research proposes solutions such as strengthening forest contracting, providing financial and technical support for agroforestry, raising community awareness, and developing sustainable ecotourism. Notably, improving resource management policies and land ownership rights plays a decisive role in ensuring the balance between conservation and economic development. These findings shed light on the relationship between forests and livelihoods, while also providing a scientific basis for guiding sustainable development policies in the Central Highlands.
Doing discourse analysis entails doing syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Contrary to the two levels of language analysis which concentrate, respectively, on the constituent structure of sentences, syntax, and on the meaning that comes from linguistic knowledge, semantics, pragmatics focuses on the aspects of meaning that cannot be predicted by only linguistic knowledge which means it also considers the physical and social world (Peccei, 1999). However, English as a foreign language students do not distinguish between pragmatic analysis and semantic analysis. The aim of this paper is to shed light on the distinction between pragmatic analysis and semantic analysis. This research was handled at the department of English language at University of Ghardaia. Sixty second year Licence students were involved in this study. The main tool for collecting data was a test about extracting both pragmatic and semantic analyses of the sentences, and a qualitative approach was selected, in the main, to analyse the obtained data. The findings revealed that the majority of students failed to detect both the semantic and pragmatic meanings of the sentences, which reflected the lack of comprehension and distinction between the two meanings and the inability to read at the deep level. Some recommendations were suggested. Keywords: , , , , , , , .
AI vs Human Translation of Oceanography Discourse (English to Arabic)
Translating general technico-scientific terminology is a challenging task that becomes more so when handling oceanography discourse, particularly from English into Arabic. With recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and its translation applications, the question becomes whether AI tools can produce human-like translations of such specialized terminology. This study examines human and AI translations of 150 oceanography terms from English into Arabic yielding a corpus of 450 translations. The terms were mined from Guide to the Oceans (Pernetta, 2004) for which the human translation (HT) into Arabic was carried out by Fathi Majdalawieh titled دليل المحيطات (Pernetta, 2013). AI-translations were generated by ChatGPT (GPT) and Google Gemini (GG). Using Pedersen’s (2011) taxonomy of translation strategies, the Arabic renderings were interpretatively analyzed. The analysis indicates HT and GPT employed primarily the substitution strategy (64% and 59.33%, respectively, compared to 20% by GG). GG topped the three in its use of direct translation (58%), compared to GPT (24%) and HT (22.67%). Such findings suggest that GPT’s output was closer to HT’s in maintaining meanings and nuances of oceanography terminology. The findings offer insights into the current capabilities of AI models in translating technico-scientific terminology, with GPT showing a closer alignment with HT than GG.
Francophonie and Anglicization in Algeria: Between Colonial Heritage and Strategic Realignment
This article explores Algeria’s evolving language policy, focusing on the strategic replacement of French with English in higher education. Drawing on a qualitative study conducted with university faculty in both French and English departments, the paper examines whether this shift is driven by pedagogical needs or political motives. The findings reveal a sharp divide: French professors see the reform as a symbolic rupture with the colonial past, while English professors view it as a pragmatic adaptation to global academic norms. The study highlights the role of language in shaping identity, scientific access, and national positioning. Ultimately, it questions whether Algeria’s linguistic pivot reflects a genuine modernization effort or a politically charged realignment.
The Kinetic Connotations of Postmodern Arts and Their Utilization in the Outputs of Students in the Fine Arts Education Department
The aim of the research was to reveal the kinetic connotations of postmodern art and its application in the outputs of students from the Department of Art Education. The descriptive analytical method was employed to analyze three samples of the research, which were purposefully selected from student outputs for the years 2022-2024. These outputs were structurally built from composite industrial and consumable materials, including iron and others. A preliminary version of the research tool was constructed, and after being presented to experts, it achieved validity by applying the Cooper equation with an agreement rate of 0.87. The final version of the tool consisted of five main axes, ten secondary axes, and twenty-eight sub-axes. The researcher then established the reliability of the tool by analyzing external samples with external analysts and with herself over time. Using the SCOOT equation, a reliability rate of 87% was obtained.
Impact of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitor on the Development and Progression of Sepsis-Associated Acute Kidney Injury
Background: Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors, which improve heart and kidney health in those with diabetes, show hope for lowering the risk of AKI. Even so, it is still not clear how SA-AKI affects the timing or final health of patients. This case-control study aimed to see if SGLT2i therapy before diagnosis with SA-AKI influenced the occurrence of SA-AKI in critically ill patients with sepsis. Methods: In all, 664 patients were studied, with 361 having SA-AKI and 303 diagnosed with sepsis syndromes. Results: Among those enrolled, SGLT2i had a significant and elevated effect on the risk of SA-AKI, with an HR of 10.812 (95% CI: 7.535–15.516, p < 0.001). After checking for other risk factors in a statistical model, giving SGLT2i treatment was still linked to SA-AKI (HR = 6.311, 95% CI: 4.388–9.076, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Overall, the study found that patients who had used SGLT2i before might be more likely to experience SA-AKI if they also had sepsis syndromes. Trial Registration: The Clinicaltrials.gov number for this trial is NCT06902493.
Cognitive Poetics and the Philosophy of Eternity in Emily Dickinson’s Poetry
This paper investigates Emily Dickinson’s poetic depiction of eternity through the interdisciplinary lens of cognitive poetics, emphasizing the roles of conceptual metaphor, image schemas, deixis, and embodiment. Through close readings of four representative poems, the study argues that Dickinson conceptualizes eternity not as a static metaphysical category but as a cognitively enacted. Rather than articulating theological dogma, Dickinson expresses eternity as an embodied, perceptual, and imaginative experience. In this regard, through the interaction of cognitive poetic, this paper aims to analyzes Conceptual metaphors such as death as a journey or eternity as an eternal present; Image schemas like journey, container, and balance further facilitate this translation of the metaphysical into the imaginable bodily experiences. Deictic expressions that immerse the reader in a cognitive state of ontological fluidity and epistemic uncertainty. And, Embodied cognition, particularly in poems like “I felt a Funeral, in my Brain,” enacts metaphysical disorientation through kinesthetic and tactile simulations. Hence, by using cognitive poetics to analyze Dickinson’s poetry, the paper makes three main points: first, that cognitive literary theory is a strong tool for understanding 19th-century lyric poetry; second, that Dickinson’s thoughts on eternity are more about experiencing timelessness than just thinking about it; and third, that poetry can act as a framework for exploring philosophical ideas, where language and structure represent and express deep experiences. Thus, the paper concludes Dickinson not merely as a poet of death or doubt, but as a cognitive artisan of the infinite, whose work reveals how eternity is imaginatively constructed and sensorially felt.
Toward a Mindful AI: Designing Introspective and Compassionate Language Models with Trúc Lâm Zen Principles
This research introduces Mindfulness-Oriented, a mindfulness-centered language model inspired by the Zen Buddhist philosophy of Trần Nhân Tông [1] and the Trúc Lâm tradition of Vietnam. Moving beyond the pursuit of cognitive efficiency, this study explores how spiritual introspection, non-attachment and compassionate awareness can shape the design of artificial intelligence. Through a textual and philosophical analysis of the poem “The Song of Realization in the Mountain Stream ” (Vietnamese: “Đắc Thú Lâm Tuyền Thành Đạo Ca”), we developed a prototype dialogue dataset—ZenDialogue v1.0—featuring 1000+ ChatML-formatted mindful conversations across five core themes: suffering, anger, daily awareness, introspection, and meaning. A multi-layered architecture was proposed, integrating Zen prompt scaffolding, mindful response generation, and an evaluative framework (Mindfulness-Oriented Score) grounded in ethical and contemplative values. The findings suggest a new paradigm of conversational AI: one that does not merely provide answers, but invites the user into reflection, stillness, and inner clarity. It is a step toward cultivating AI that can truly listen.
A Portrait of a Poet’s Mind: Eliot's Tradition and the Individual Talent
I attempt to uncover the intrinsic dynamics that stand behind literary production. Hence my emphasis on T. S. Eliot, his literary production and understanding of poetics. This article focuses on Eliot’s understanding of the task of the poet as a sort of literary recycler using anything at hand for his own end to create a work of art. The artist is neither the originator of his writing nor has he a complete authority over it. Nevertheless, the poet has to have a sense of history and tradition and the talent to employ several techniques like myth and allusion.
The Impact of Local Social Contexts on Naming Practices in Algeria
Understanding the impact of associations in naming systems and the socio-cultural context in which they exist holds methodological significance within sociological analysis. Names cannot be approached in isolation from the social environment in which they emerge. A name is not merely an identifying label, but a social discourse imbued with symbols and meanings that reflect social reality and align with its representations and aspirations. From this perspective, analyzing the social context is crucial to understanding the underlying factors that govern naming choices, given the decisive role this context plays in producing meaning and shaping naming mechanisms. Accordingly, overlooking the local social context in the study of names constitutes a methodological shortcoming, as it strips the name of its cultural and social significance, reducing it to a superficial level that fails to convey its symbolic depth. Thus, integrating social analysis within the onomastic approach is a fundamental condition for understanding names in relation to the social structures that produce and continuously interact with them. This article focuses on the names of private-sector institutions in Algiers, examining the way in which multi-categorical names are formed and interpreted within local social interactions. This analysis is based on a database of private business names in the capital city of Algeria. From this, the following questions arise: How is a private institution’s name chosen? And how do local contexts influence the naming process?
Displacement, Resistance, Decolonization and Identity in Mahmoud Darwish’s Selected Poems
This study examines the coherent tapestry of Mahmoud Darwish’s four poems where the individual feelings and the national causes seem uniformly inseparable. Palestinian suffering, struggle, resistance, displacement and identity crises have been identified and treated in all selected four poems. A close reading of “In Jerusalem,” “Identity Card,” “To My Mother,” and “The Passport” illustrates how different themes facilitate understanding subjugation and colonization of a nation in poetry artistically constructed. On the whole this essay is an attempt to employ the socio-political and cultural politics to examine different themes for a better understanding of Darwish’s selected poetry. Here the present researcher intends to study societal structures, political dynamics, and cultural influences and see how social norms, government policies, historical events, and cultural traditions shape human interactions, decisions, and identities. Within this framework, cultural concepts related to postcolonial theory are borrowed to illustrate modern man's challenges in the poems under discussion.
Embracing Diversity: Exploring Practice and Challenges for Including Children with Disability in Mainstream Classroom
Integrated schools with resource classes and special schools provide education for children with disability in Nepal. Government funds and the partial support of national and internal donor partners run these schools. This study intends to seek how children with disability normalize in regular classes after the additional support service in resource class to become a case of inclusion in the education system of Nepal. The study explored the adjustment challenges and identified coping strategies in a regular course. The four students with disability from integrated schools representing children with visual impairment and children with deaf were purposively selected and interviewed through semi-structured interview guidelines in a natural setting. The interview responses were transcribed verbatim and analyzed by extracting themes within a theoretical framework based on post-structuralism and discourse analysis. More than five themes were identified from the discussion of students' reports regarding adjustment challenges in the students' narratives. The study explored significant challenges such as the lack of disabled-friendly physical facilities, domination of traditional methods, presence of an untrained teacher, lack of expanded core curriculum, lack of peer support and poor psychological attachment. The exploration of challenges assists policymakers and well educators set up strategies for effective inclusion in school education and the community. The extreme mitigation of challenges promotes an inclusive atmosphere in regular classrooms.
Towards a Corpus-based Collocations Dictionary of Modern Standard Arabic
This paper discusses the need to compile a collocational dictionary of modern standard Arabic. It reports a project under way of producing a corpus-based dictionary of Arabic collocations. It outlines the corpus composition, the electronic tools used, and the guidelines followed in the carrying out the project. The paper describes the evolution and progress of the project. It will also discuss other linguistic features of words and their collocations such as number, gender, and syntactic configurations.1
Measuring the performance of conventional and Islamic banks in MENA countries: Recommendations for Libya
One of the obstacles to economic development in MENA countries is the low quality of institutions. A significant factor for the long-term development of Islamic finance is the relative performance of Islamic banks compared to conventional banks. Indeed, if Islamic banks suffer from a weaker performance than traditional banks, their development is likely to be limited. The objective of this article is to analyze the role of institutional quality in the development of Islamic finance. This study aims to examine the association between the performance indicators of conventional banks and Islamic banks, as well as their efficiency scores, in a panel of Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries from 2000 to 2023. To do so, we will test how the cost efficiency gap between Islamic and conventional banks is influenced by institutional quality. As we have explained, this question is crucial for the future of Islamic finance, due to the significant implications that the discovery of a role for institutional quality in the performance of Islamic banks would have. Instead, it can be said that contemporary economic conditions have led to the renaissance, expansion, and growth of Islamic banking, which has proven its ability to withstand numerous financial crises, thanks to its specific approach to managing financial assets, which directs them towards real investment.
An Analysis of Strategies and Attitudes Toward Naming of Korean and Thai Restaurants
This research aimed to analyze and compare Korean restaurants' naming strategies and attitudes in Bangkok and Thai restaurants in Seoul. The research methodology employed a qualitative approach. The data collection of the names was from 50 Thai restaurants in Seoul and 50 Korean restaurants in Bangkok. The results identified three naming strategies for Korean and Thai restaurants: language and writing style, grammatical structure, and semantic viewpoint. Naming attitudes for Korean restaurants in Bangkok emphasized words conveying deliciousness, the atmosphere of Korea, and entertainment to enhance enjoyment. In contrast, Thai restaurants in Seoul focused on words related to deliciousness and culture to emphasize Thai culture and identity. This research improves understanding of restaurant naming strategies and attitudes in a cross-cultural context, linking theory and practice in the restaurant business, promoting cultural exchange, and supporting the development of multinational enterprises.
The Hierarchical Activation Model of Multilingual Mental Representation: A Dynamic Tiered Structure Integrating Neurocognitive and Psycholinguistic Perspectives
This study introduces the Hierarchical Activation Model (HAM), a novel neurocognitive framework designed to elucidate the intricate mechanisms underlying mental language representation in trilingual and multilingual individuals. By synthesizing meta-analytic findings from fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) research with established psycholinguistic theories—specifically Dijkstra’s Language Competition Model (Dijkstra et al., 1998) and Potter’s Lexical-Conceptual Mediation Hypothesis (Kroll, 1993)—HAM posits that multilingual mental representations are organized in a stratified structure. HAM posits a three-tiered hierarchy where L1 serves as the foundational anchor, L2 acts as an integrative layer, and L3 forms an adaptive network mediated by L2, with each tier corresponding to distinct neural substrates (e.g., left inferior frontal gyrus for L1, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex for L2) To validate the model, this paper conducts in-depth cross-linguistic analyses of real-world translation phenomena, such as the semantic mapping of culturally-bound terms and emotional language processing across languages. These analyses demonstrate HAM’s explanatory power in revealing the nested cognitive processes that govern multilingual language use. As a significant advancement in the field, HAM transcends traditional bilingual models, offering a comprehensive theoretical lens to understand the cognitive dynamics of multilingualism, and has potential implications for language education, neurocognitive research, and computational modeling.
Didactics of Arabic Language Between Middle and Secondary Education in Algeria: Toward a Textual Intentionality Approach and Achieving Acceptability
The selection of educational language texts is a crucial factor in the acquisition and development of Arabic language skills among students. These texts serve as a primary medium for learning vocabulary and grammar, as well as for enhancing comprehension and expression. High-quality texts are not merely sources of information; they are tools for shaping students’ linguistic awareness and improving their ability to think, analyze, and communicate. They also help strengthen students’ attachment to their language. Therefore, the proper selection of Arabic educational texts is essential for language learning and development. This study addresses an important issue related to the acceptability of literary texts among first-year secondary students. It has been observed that many students struggle to engage with the prescribed texts, sometimes to the point of rejection. This phenomenon places an extra burden on teachers and negatively impacts the students’ linguistic development. The study adopts the criterion of textual acceptability as a framework for analysis. This criterion, central to text linguistics, measures how well a reader or listener receives and engages with a text. It is based on the clarity of the text, its coherence, its alignment with the reader’s linguistic and cognitive expectations, and the transparency of its communicative intent. Acceptability plays a vital role in promoting effective communication and in maximizing the educational and informational value of a given text. The more coherent and accessible a text is, the greater the student’s chances of engaging with it and benefiting from it, especially in language acquisition and refinement. Through the lens of textual acceptability, this research seeks to explore the reasons behind students’ rejection of literary texts at this level of education
Symmetrical and asymmetrical analysis of the effect of the exchange rate on international trade and its financial consequences: analysis of the situation in Libya
Exchange rate plans are the primary focus of all adjustment attempts, as they are designed to enhance a nation's competitiveness in the global market. The hypothesis posits that a devaluation of the currency will have ramifications for the economy, particularly concerning foreign accounts. The hypothesis further posits that a lower exchange rate may stimulate exports and enhance the trade balance. Acknowledging that the anticipated positive outcomes may persist over an extended duration is imperative. This article will methodically examine the interplay between the exchange rate, trade balance, imports, and exports. Our research employs the linear cointegration approach (ARDL) and the non-linear method (NARDL) from 1970 to 2021, with a focus on Libya. The analysis will demonstrate that healthy capital, consumer, and raw material markets are prerequisites for economic growth. Consequently, economic growth necessitates the availability of additional resources. The government must implement a price stabilization program with all relevant stakeholders to achieve the desired trade balance. The substitution of domestic products for imported goods has the potential to improve the nation's trade balance.
The role of e-banking quality in improving customer satisfaction in commercial banks: a case study from Libya
The bank is the central pillar of the economy; its mission is to offer financial services such as collecting savings and distributing them in the form of loans. It enjoys a leading position in high-value-added operations. However, the arrival of digital technology is suddenly going to call everything into question. At the heart of a constantly evolving digital era, Libyan banks are committed to following the global trend by integrating digital technologies, seeking to meet customers' needs and improve their operational efficiencies. For our research, we selected a sample of 400 Libyan banking customers and 260 executives working within Libyan banks. Our sample includes various types of banks, particularly those with the best digital performance. In recent years, the development of digital technology has gained momentum within organizations, and the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated this trend. Its changes have highlighted the importance of digitalizing work processes and practices within banks, a transformation synonymous with survival and performance.
Postcolonial Perspective of the Identity Dilemma, Immigration, Liminality, and Otherness in Leila Aboulela's The Kindness Of Enemies
This paper investigates the representation of the diaspora characters of the Egyptian-Sudanese-Scottish novelist Leila Aboulela in her novel The Kindness of Enemies (2015) who lives in Britain. She seeks to negotiate the issues of identity, hybridity, and culture through the novel's narrative. The paper discusses why Aboulela’s main protagonists have been anguished by taking off their cultural identity. Why does Natasha legally change her name to Natasha Wilson? Why does Osama prefer being named Oz or Ossie? Additionally, the paper aims to examine how the characters’ identities are reformed to produce themselves anew within their host cultures. Finally, it portrays the historical story of Imam Shamil as an example of contemporary fighters and opposition against extremists and rejecting acts that harm innocent people around the world. The article seeks to analyze how a number of the novel's protagonists, including Oz, Natasha, and Jamaleldin, first, have been taken from their Muslim identity and their Arabic culture. In addition, they have been completely impacted by the consequences of the "war on terror"; each character is in their own time and place. The article aims to analyze the evolution of the notions of immigrants, identity crisis, cultural hybridity, and resistance. These concepts were interrogated in her novel, which discusses building a bridge for peaceful coexistence between societies amid political and religious differences.
THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH: A CASE STUDY
There are a lot of cities throughout the globe that have a significant issue with air pollution, and Janakpur is not an exception. The air in Janakpur has gotten very filthy over the course of the last several years. Smoke from automobiles, dust from roads, the burning of crops in surrounding communities, and smoke from firewood used for cooking are the primary causes of this phenomenon. In the Nepalese city of Janakpur, which is still in the process of development, the air quality is regularly below average. As a result of dust, burning crops, vehicles, and smoke from firewood cooking, the air is filled with potentially hazardous particles. In this research, the consequences of air pollution on human health are investigated, with a particular emphasis placed on the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system. In addition to the prevalence of respiratory conditions such as asthma, coughing, and other respiratory disorders, there is a possibility of long-term risks such as heart disease. In order to conduct this analysis, we have used data on air quality as well as information from research papers and reports. Increasing public awareness, using clean cooking stoves, and planting trees are some of the simple steps that are recommended to help reduce the number of health problems that people are experiencing. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of smoke on lung health and respiration in households in Janakpur that used traditional stoves. Numerous households in Janakpur prepare their meals by using agricultural waste, cow dung, or firewood. When burnt indoors, these materials produce a significant amount of smoke, which contributes to the contamination of the air inside the home. It is possible that breathing filthy air on a regular basis is harmful to one's health, particularly for women and children.
Choreographing Change: Analyzing Female Empowerment in Irene Isoken Salami’s More Than Dancing
More Than Dancing by Irene Salami-Agunloye is an excellent study of female empowerment and how society changes in today’s African theater. The study focuses on how the play tests and challenges patriarchal structures by using both real and symbolic movements. Salami-Agunloye provides engaging female characters which allows his story to oppose outdated gender norms and promote new roles for men and women. Using cultural roots together with modern feminist ideas, the play celebrates the strong and united nature of women. This paper looks at empowerment, resistance and changes in society, looking at how art can oppose oppression and suggest new ways for people to behave.
Sociolinguistic Study of the Chepang Language Speaking in Nepal
The Chepang is one of the indigenous nationalities of Nepal, having its own distinct linguistic and cultural identities. The language has its own sociolinguistic features like dialectical variation, language attitudes, multilingualism, and language choice. In this context, the study critically examines the sociolinguistic context of the Chepang in contemporary times. The main focus of this is to analyze the variation of the Chepang language in a sociolinguistic context and to find out the use of the Chepang language in different social contexts. The study followed mixed-method research and analyzed the data collected from the field. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from the field survey conducted in both the core and peripheral areas of the Chepang settlement. The Sociolinguistic Survey questionnaire was used as a tool of data collection, and the data were collected through a participatory approach. For this study, 100 respondents were randomly selected from four districts of Nepal. Findings and conclusions of this study are based on the primary information. From the analysis of the data, it is found that the Chepang language is highly influenced by the Nepali language. Respondents have a positive attitude toward preserving their language; however, the language policy of the nation and the education system forced them to adopt powerful language to communicate in public.
From Masters to Survivors: The Human-Machine War and Decentralization of Man in Daniel H. Wilson’s Robopocalypse
The twenty-first century has been marked by transformative developments across various domains, particularly science and technology. In contemporary society, human life has become progressively reliant on technological systems and digital infrastructure. A technophobic strand within posthumanist thought raises concerns about the numerous and often unpredictable risks associated with science and technology. These concerns are notably illustrated in Daniel H. Wilson’s Robopocalypse (2011), which imagines a future where artificial intelligence evolves beyond human control. In Robopocalypse, the artificial intelligence named Archos R-14 is not only autonomous but also imbued with identity and consciousness, presenting a formidable challenge to human authority and existence. Robopocalypse serves as a cautionary narrative, emphasizing the potential threats that advanced technologies, particularly artificial intelligence, pose to the anthropocentric framework. Accordingly, this paper aims to critically examine the potential threats posed by intelligent machines, alongside the processes of decentralization and dehumanization that may shape human existence in a technologically advanced, posthuman future. It will explore the existential risks posed by technology to human life and dignity. Ultimately, the paper analyses Robopocalypse as a vision of a future in which artificial intelligence machines and robots seek to eradicate humanity and establish themselves as the dominant force by killing humans, offering a critical perspective on the trajectory of technological progress and its implications for the human condition and existence.
A Bourdieusian Approach to Personal Brand Equity Integrating Cultural, Social, Economic, Symbolic, and Psychological Capital
This study develops a conceptual framework for understanding how individuals build and enhance Personal Brand Equity (PBE) through the strategic accumulation and communication of intangible assets. Drawing on Bourdieu’s capital theory, the research explores the roles of cultural, social, economic and symbolic capital, and extends this framework by incorporating psychological capital as a complementary dimension. Personal Brand Equity is defined as the perceived value of an individual’s professional identity, shaped by credibility, visibility and consistency across contexts. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach that integrates insights from philosophy, linguistics, sociology, psychology and marketing, the paper presents Personal Branding as a socially embedded, communicative and dynamic process. Theoretically, it offers a Bourdieusian extension for analysing identity construction in professional settings. Practically, it provides actionable insights for individuals seeking to strengthen their personal brands in both digital and offline environments.
Crowdfunding and Financial Sustainability of Non-profit Entities in an Emerging Country, Colombia: A Systematic Review
This systematic review examined the role of crowdfunding in the financial sustainability of nonprofit organizations (ESAL) in Colombia. Following the PRISMA protocol, the study conducted a rigorous search and information management process in academic databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Researchers analyzed 60 studies published between 2013 and 2024. The findings indicated that crowdfunding could diversify income streams and strengthen community engagement, though it faced challenges such as limited digital connectivity and institutional distrust. The review proposed strategies to overcome these obstacles, including digital literacy programs and transparency practices. This study contributed to the literature by offering a framework tailored to vulnerable contexts and suggested areas for future research.
Theoretical Perspectives on Connectivism: A Comparative Analysis of the Contributions of George Siemens and Stephen Downes in the Framework of the Social Management of Educational Knowledge
This study presents a systematic qualitative analysis of George Siemens and Stephen Downes' contributions to connectivism, a learning theory designed for the digital age. Using tools such as content analysis, thematic coding, and semantic networks, their perspectives are compared to propose an integrated theoretical framework. The methodology included three phases: individual analysis of core texts, category comparison, and theoretical synthesis. The findings highlight that Siemens approaches connectivism as a practical response to contemporary educational challenges, prioritizing networks, knowledge management, and digital transformation. His main categories include learning conceptualization and networks, demonstrating a praxis-oriented vision. On the other hand, Downes focuses on epistemological foundations, emphasizing theoretical bases and connective mechanisms, adopting a philosophical and structural perspective. Both agree on the centrality of networks, the reconceptualization of knowledge (residing in connections), and the social dimension of learning. However, they differ in approach: Siemens is more applied while Downes is more foundational. This complementarity allows for proposing an "Integral Connectivism" with six dimensions (ontology, processes, network architecture, social validation, technological management, and educational applications) and seven fundamental principles, such as connectivity, emergence, and social validation that enable structuring unified thinking. The study concludes that connectivism is an innovative paradigm that transcends traditional theories, offering a framework for navigating the 21st-century knowledge ecosystem where technology serves as a catalyst for human cognitive processes. Its integration combines theoretical rigor with practical applicability, being relevant for educational, organizational, and emerging technological contexts such as artificial intelligence. This research provides a replicable methodology and foundation for future explorations, redefining learning as the capacity for connection beyond information accumulation.
The Eastern Individual in the Time of Western Colonialism in the Novel Regions of Fear by Fadhila Al-Farouq - Semiotic approach
The bloody war unfolded across the Arab East, a time of slaughtering victims and innocents, to reveal the theme of pain, death, and the stripping of all rights and their denial from the poor classes under the control of the dominant American imperialist contradictions. In this echo, the Algerian novelist Fadhila Al-Farouq writes about this event with the aim of solving the dilemma based on the interrogation of marginalized groups and the disclosure of their urgent repressions, under the impact of war, a time of rebellion and escape from the dominance of absolute death. The contemporary novel is an ideological political discourse that occupies many geographical areas, represented in the Arab novelistic narrative. R Al Imagination, ego, and the growth of self-awareness among Arab writers regarding national belonging.
Farmers' Attitude on Organic Farming in Chitwan Valley, Nepal
Organic farming is main tool of sustainable agriculture system; however, there are many challenges of organic farming in term of production certification and marketing. The study analyzes the farmers' attitudes of Organic farming regarding environment sustainability, reducing chemical used, building strong ecosystem, producing healthy and testy food, and challenges of getting profit and from organic product. It also studies the attributes of respondents about organic production-like taste, price and nutrition. The main purpose of this study is to measure the attitudes of the respondents by using Likert Scale toward organic farming. Descriptive research design was followed to complete this study; however, it is developed on mixed method approach and data were collected through closed questions as well as focus group discussion. Faced to face interview method was used to collect data from the field. Fifty farmers were participated in this study and expressed their attitudes of organic farming. Percentage, mean and standard were used to present the attitude of the respondents about organic farming. Respondents have positive attitudes toward organic farming because mean value of the attributes and attitudes signified encouraging, however, there is problem of market channel, certification process, and separate market place for organic product. Outcomes of the study will valuable to reduce the challenges of organic farming in future.
Linguistic and Philosophical Aspects in the Analysis of City Slogans – An Investigation of the Slogans of Hungary’s Major Cities and the Districts of Its Capital, Budapest
Cities and districts can benefit from finding a good slogan and using it consistently. But what makes a good slogan, and more specifically, what makes a good slogan for a city or a district of a city? In the literature review, we sought answers to this question through the examination of various sources. The empirical part of the research focuses on Hungary, a landlocked country in Central Eastern Europe whose capital is Budapest. We examined the slogans of major cities and the districts of its capital. Among the 47 cities and districts studied, we identified slogans for 39 of them. Seven Budapest districts had no identifiable slogan, and one major city also lacked one. An interesting, although not surprising, key finding is that district slogans tend to be more administrative in tone, often resembling guiding statements from local government, and are primarily aimed at residents. In contrast, major cities are more likely to use slogans that target tourists. Another key conclusion, with both linguistic and philosophical implications, is that most slogans are not unique, except perhaps for including the name of the city or district itself. In many cases, the slogans could be interchanged, meaning that a particular slogan could just as well belong to another city or district, or be equally meaningless there.
Teaching Poetic Literary Texts in Middle School Education: Characteristics, Objectives, and Pedagogical Challenges
This article highlights the importance of teaching poetic literary texts at the middle school level, emphasizing their role in developing students’ literary taste, enriching their linguistic repertoire, and refining their communicative skills; It explores poetry for children as both an artistic and educational tool that respects their psychological and developmental needs, contributing to their ethical and cognitive formation. The article further examines how these texts are integrated into school curriculaparticularly in the second year of middle schoolwith a focus on their educational and pedagogical objectives and artistic characteristics. It calls for a more effective pedagogical use of poetic texts to ensure a balanced integration of linguistic and educational goals.
Tagmemics in the Saudi ESL Classroom: Bridging Phonetics, Phonology, and Culture
This study examines the effectiveness of Tagmemic-based instruction in improving pronunciation accuracy and vocabulary acquisition among Saudi university-level ESL learners. Drawing on Pike’s theory of tagmemics, which emphasizes the interplay between linguistic form, function, and context, the study introduces a pattern-based instructional model tailored to address the phonological and lexical difficulties commonly faced by Arabic-speaking learners of English. A quasi-experimental, mixed-methods design was employed over a 16-week semester, involving 60 intermediate-level students divided into control and experimental groups. Quantitative data from pronunciation and vocabulary assessments were complemented by qualitative insights from classroom observations, learner interviews, and reflective journals. The experimental group demonstrated statistically significant gains in segmental and suprasegmental pronunciation, depth of vocabulary knowledge, and learner engagement compared to the control group. The findings suggest that Tagmemic instruction can serve as an effective pedagogical approach in EFL contexts by promoting metacognitive awareness and culturally contextualized learning. The study contributes to applied linguistics by adapting a largely theoretical framework to classroom practice, offering implications for ESL curriculum design and teacher training.
Integrating Pronunciation into Communicative Language Teaching: A Systematic Review of Pedagogical Evidence
This systematic review examines how integrating pronunciation instruction into Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) influences learning outcomes in English as a Second/Foreign Language (ESL/EFL) contexts. Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched ERIC, LLBA, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published between 1980 and 2024, screening and appraising eligible studies for methodological quality. Thirty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Findings indicate that CLTintegrated pronunciation instruction consistently improves intelligibility and comprehensibility more than decontextualized or form-focused approaches, especially when paired with explicit feedback, task-based activities, and at least 10 hours of instruction.
Climate Migration and Urban Transformations: Towards a New Urban Sociology in the Face of Environmental Challenges
Climate migration represents one of the most pressing contemporary challenges, redrawing the demographic and urban map of cities amid the escalation of severe environmental phenomena such as droughts, floods, and rising sea levels. This study aims to approach this phenomenon from an urban sociological perspective, analyzing the dynamics of environmental displacement and its impact on host cities, particularly in countries of the Global South. The research explores the concept of "ecological urbanization" as a strategic alternative to migration, and the role of urban policies in preparing for climate crises. It also highlights issues of marginalization and the reproduction of vulnerability in new urban environments. The study is based on an in-depth theoretical review and supported by international and Arab examples (such as Algeria, Bangladesh, and Nigeria). It concludes with the necessity to develop a new urban sociology that integrates environmental dimensions and climate justice within the social analysis of the city, while emphasizing the need for comprehensive, sustainable, and proactive planning policies.
The Impact of Industrial Property Granting Methods on the Role of Investment in Achieving Local Development "An Applied Study on the Granting of Property in Activity Zones in Batna Province - A Model"
If investment is the foundation for achieving local development, then real estate allocated for investment is the foundation of the investment process, which varies between service, agricultural, and industrial investments. In this field, industrial real estate is considered the foundation of industrial investment. Activity zones are among the most prominent areas embodying the presence of industrial real estate. However, the granting of these properties varies from one legal system to another, and even varies from one law to another within the same legal system. Algeria, like other countries, has sought to achieve local development. To this end, it has encouraged investments of various types, most notably industrial investment, for which it has established an advanced legal framework that began in 1993 and continues until 2022. This framework includes a set of legal rules regulating the investment process, including rules that outline the procedures for granting industrial real estate. From this perspective, the method of granting industrial property in Algeria has played a significant role in achieving local development. This includes the method of granting industrial property across various activity zones in Batna Province. Achieving development in this area still requires further legal reforms, including those related to the methods of granting property in activity zones.
A Humanistic Approach to Natural Language Processing and Information Accessibility for theDisabled
In the advancing age of technology, providing the disabled(i.e., deaf, blind, learning issue) equal rights to access information remains a challenge. Although the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) has seen many advances in recent years, NLP in communicative assistive technologies demands a more comprehensive, humanistic approach. The purpose of this study is to investigate that NLP technology could be successfully applied to improve the accessibility of information for the disabledby means of the coordination between technological innovation and human needs. The research that is carried out here is qualitative, focusing on a case study approach for the cases of assistive applications based on NLP by having interviews with of users and developers involved in this type of applications. Our results show that although several NLP tools provide strong potential for features (e.g., speech to text, text to speech, and simplified language) for those with hearing, vision, cognitive, and/or reading needs; there are still numerous gaps. These are linguistic biases, lack of adaptability to local languages, and lack of usercentred design. Users stressed the criticality of adaptability, fitforpurpose, and easeofuse to achieve real accessibility. It follows that humancentredness in developing NLP systems, serves to enhance, not only the user experience for the impaired subset, but that this user centred design, contributes to the wider theme of digital inclusivity. It suggests a cocreation approach of multidisciplinary work technologists, disability advocates and linguistsas a first step to build more fashionable and ethical NLPbased tools.
The cognitive weight of feminist mental footnotes in the current, social reasoning in Hispanic-America
Feminism assumes that there are still some discriminations based on gender in the current society. We can review the evolution of Feminism along History and localize one of the most important and classic text about Feminism that has contributed to transmit feminist ideas among social opinions. The currently of those ideas in the present cognitive processing of individuals is checked. The results showed that some ideas about an allegedly, contemporary inequality spin questionably around the right to abort for women, the irrelevancy of women in society, the fact of that the antifeminist movements are against women, and the origin of women oppression in religion. We rise the question of if these beliefs are based on actual facts.
The development of a computational thinking model for KRG EFL learners
Concepts from computer science play a significant role in other topics, and computational thinking is becoming acknowledged as a crucial ability for all people. As a result, there is growing interest in fostering computational thinking (CT) as early as the comprehensive school level. Consequently, research is required to create a model that describes the aspects of CT and to establish a shared understanding of CT skills. This study provides an overview of the CT dimensions as defined in scientific publications through a thorough literature review. A scale has been created for this study to assess the students' computational thinking skills (CTS) levels. The CTS is a five-point Likert scale with 29 items that can be categorized into five components. Four hundred fifty KRG EFL students who completed their undergraduate and associate degree programs make up the study group for this study. By exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, item distinctiveness studies, internal consistency coefficients, and constancy analyses, the validity and reliability of the scale have been investigated. The scale is a robust and trustworthy assessment tool that may gauge students' computational thinking abilities, according to the results of the analyses that were done. Furthermore, people in the digital age are expected to possess computational thinking abilities, and it is necessary to determine the extent of these abilities and whether they are adequate. Finally, areas for further research and pedagogical implications are provided.
Measurement of School Happiness: An Analysis from the SOPHIE Model in Schools in Colombia
Objective: To design and validate a multidimensional instrument to measure school happiness in Colombian adolescents. Methods: Instrumental study with 963 students (10–17 years) from two schools in Valle del Cauca, Colombia. A 37-item Likert (1–5) scale was developed; content validity was examined; an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using generalized least squares with Promin rotation and parallel analysis (n=200) and an independent confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (n=200) were conducted. Model fit indices (RMSEA, RMSR, TLI/CFI, GFI/NNFI), Cronbach’s alpha, and convergent validity against a single-item happiness question were estimated. Results: The final version retained 23 items across five dimensions (relationships with friends; purposes and goals; relationship with family; diet; altruism), with total α=0.906 (dimension alphas: 0.871; 0.798; 0.856; 0.768; 0.791), acceptable fit in EFA (RMSEA=0.059; RMSR=0.044; TLI=0.829; CFI=0.885) and CFA (RMSEA=0.063; RMSR=0.061; GFI=0.966; NNFI=0.899; CFI=0.912). No differences were found by sex or school (p>0.05). The strongest correlations with self-reported happiness were family, friends, and purposes. Conclusions: The instrument shows a stable factor structure, high reliability, and convergent validity, and is useful for monitoring school happiness and guiding adolescent well-being interventions.
A directing to the honorable professors regarding the errors that occurred in the semantic level - the Arabic language book for the second year of middle school as a model -
This article sheds light on the semantic errors found in the Arabic language textbook for the second year of middle school, attempting to correct them. This is because it preserves the meaning from deviation, ensures the clarity and accuracy of the message, and prevents the entrenchment of misconceptions in the minds of learners. Moreover it contributes to build a correct educational language and enhances confidence in the textbook. Key words: Alert- Differences-Significance-Errors-Education.
The Impact of Waqf (The Art of Pausing) on Phonetic Significance in the Holy Quran
The phenomenon of waqf (pause) in the Qur’an represents an elevated dimension in the study of Qur’anic semantics, serving as a key to understanding the Qur’an and contemplating its meanings. Beyond its interpretive function, waqf also embodies a form of inimitable expression that reflects the miraculous nature of the Qur’anic text. From another perspective, it is a phonetic phenomenon with profound semantic implications. This study is therefore structured around three main aspects: phonetic segmentation, stress and intonation, and rhythmic patterns—all examined in the context of waqf. This study concludes that the Qur’an employs sound in a miraculous and deliberate manner at points of waqf (pausing), where the flow of phonetic elements harmonizes with the movement of the narrative scene. This is particularly evident in phonetic segmentation, as well as in the features of stress and intonation, culminating in a rhythmic structure that reaches its most expressive form at the ends of verses. There, the Qur’anic text offers an exceptional artistic image, rendered in the most refined and eloquent sonic expression.
The resilience of the Arab spirit against all attacks
Language is the one that expresses the constants of the nation and its entity. It shows the extent to which it is related to its origin as it is not just a set of symbols and forms that indicate a certain meaning only, but it is also an indicator of the existence of the nation in what distinguishes it from others. Therefore, language expresses the history of the nation and the human heritage it possesses in order to live with it as well as by it. It is the language in which the Quran has been revealed, and it is the word of God that is characterized by perfection. It is the language of Islam by which Muslims worship their God, draw closer to him, read their prayers and supplications. So, what are the challenges that faced Arabic throughout history, and what is its recent situation in the Arab institutions? I have relied on history to mention its supporters and opponents, highlighting its strength thanks to its supporters using Quran texts.
The Ethical Value Framework within Islamic Economics: A Philosophical Perspective
Economic systems have failed to solve the human problems they have produced because they did not consider humans in their entirety. They focused on the material aspect while neglecting the ethical and spiritual dimensions. However, the absence of ethical focus in economic behavior does not imply its absence, given the inherently ethical nature of humans themselves. This paper aims to elucidate the philosophy of economics in Islam and its connection to ethical values. It highlights the principles that underpin the Islamic economic system, which grants individuals the freedom of ownership based on the theory of earning and the framework of various economic transactions such as buying, selling, saving, and all activities aimed at economic development within an ethical framework that ensures human freedom, dignity, social solidarity, and community development. However, this is subject to conditions that define ownership and restrict it, allowing for public ownership determined through alms, the Zakat system, and inheritance laws. Together, these systems uphold the true essence of ethical humanity.
"Prophetic Praise Poetry in the Islamic Maghreb: The Poem al Shaqrātīsiyya by al-Shaqrātīsī as a Model – An Analytical Aesthetic Reading"
The poetic creativity in the Islamic Maghreb constituted a rich literary product that undoubtedly expressed the culture of the authentic Moroccan society and reflected the essence of identity and its extension through successive generations, despite the skepticism of scholars who accused it of shallowness and sterility and of imitating the eastern poets. Those who listen to this poetry can sense the heritage of the ancestors and their thoughts and characteristics that distinguish them from others. Evidence of this is its response to the calls of religious, cultural, and political imperatives that were present in the Islamic Maghreb over varying periods. Among the poetic themes that surfaced in Moroccan poetic expression are religious poetry, elegy, praise, love poetry, in addition to new themes prompted by the uniqueness of the Moroccan environment. In light of these backgrounds, this research examined the history of prophetic praise and the key factors of its emergence, focusing on the poem 'Al-Shakaratisia' and highlighting its most important themes and knowledge. After a descriptive analytical pause within it, the main aesthetic aspects were revealed through an aesthetic reading of its most important poetic images and its prominent internal and external rhythms, along with revealing its connotative functions.
Narration is one of the prose arts that requires clarification before it can be understood. Pictorial narration, however, represents the brainstorming that allows a literary work to be transformed into a cinematic work. Narration is the technique by which a sequence of events is transformed into a written text, but these events must be in a logical order.
A critique study in the methodology of the German Orientalist Sigrid Hunke
It is well established that the studies of the German Orientalists on the Arab-Islamic heritage go back to many approaches that differ from one orientalist to another. Hence, through this research, I wanted to investigate the problem of the methodology of the German Orientalist Sigrid Honke in her studies on the Arab-Islamic heritage through her book entitled The Sun of God Shines on the West. -. In this research, we have concluded that German Orientalism relied on the comparative.
The Reality and Problems of Language Interference in Secondary Education: A Case Study of Some Secondary Schools
The phenomenon of linguistic interference is one of the most prominent challenges facing secondary education in Algeria, especially in contexts characterized by cultural and social linguistic diversity, which combines Modern Standard Arabic as the official language of instruction, foreign languages (such as French or English) taught as second languages, and local dialects used in daily life. This linguistic diversity poses fundamental challenges to academic achievement, linguistic identity, and the effectiveness of the educational process. This prompts us to pose the following question: What are the forms of linguistic interference in secondary education? And how does it affect learners' communicative competence and the effectiveness of the educational process? Hence, the need to study the manifestations of this interference, its causes, and ways to address it through effective teaching strategies, developing learners' linguistic awareness, and enhancing communicative skills in the language of instruction.
The ideological backgrounds of Algerian educational policy and its impact on the learner
This paper attempts to talk about the educational policy adopted, and about the reality of the Algerian school and its impact on the learner. Because most of the countries that answered this question developed and rose to the ranks of the advanced nations, as they knew how to answer it, and then took appropriate and courageous steps to build a present worthy of them and a future in which they enjoy prosperity and strength. What is the benefit of education if it does not contribute to creating a position that reflects for Muslims their position and that their children feel before others the balance between their Islam and their lives, so that Islam is not in the sky and Muslims are in the rock bottom, we will talk successively about the ideological and intellectual backgrounds adopted by the Algerian educational system, and the impact of this on the learner.
Rural Entrepreneurship: Challenges and Challenges of the Territory (Place) in the Construction of a Business Identity in the Department of Córdoba (Colombia)
The purpose of the article is to explore the main obstacles faced by rural entrepreneurs in building their business identity. Under a qualitative approach and a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) methodology, the "construction" that they carry out of their own self-definition as entrepreneurs is examined. The research suggests: (i) the importance of "place" in understanding the locale of business identity; (ii) the meaning of place that serves as a rich organizing discourse for rural entrepreneurship; and iii) the complex ways in which business identities are shaped by place, while simultaneously participating in the 'construction' of legitimate and coherent identity in depleted and post-conflict communities.
From Self-Presentation to Self-Commodification: A Critical Sociological Reading of Influencers’ Transformations in the Digital Environment
This study offers a critical sociological reading of the transformation of influencers’ presence in digital spaces—from self-presentation as an interactive act to self-commodification as an economic resource managed according to the logic of platforms and the market. The research adopts a composite theoretical approach that draws on Erving Goffman’s contributions to self-presentation and impression management, George Herbert Mead’s symbolic interactionism and the formation of identity through the “generalized other,” and Axel Honneth’s “concept of recognition,” complemented by contemporary literature on the attention economy and algorithmic structures. The study employs a critical theoretical methodology supported by comparative case illustrations (global, Arab, and Algerian contexts) to highlight the mechanisms driving the shift from social performance to the construction of a marketable personal brand. It argues that the influencer’s self is now reconfigured within permanently connected digital stages, where boundaries between “front stage” and “backstage” collapse, and interaction metrics are transformed into liquid symbolic capital. The analysis demonstrates how platform architectures and algorithms quantify recognition and convert it into performance indicators, prompting influencers to adopt “commodifying” strategies such as image management, emotional labor, and content circulation aligned with market trends. Furthermore, the study reveals the accompanying social and ethical implications—fragility of authenticity, erosion of privacy, and the reproduction of inequalities in visibility and profitability—while noting local specificities in the Algerian context linked to the emergence of a digital advertising market and disparities in technological resources. The study’s contribution lies in integrating the perspectives of Goffman, Mead, and Honneth within a unified framework that explains the shift from social recognition to monetized recognition, and in proposing analytical axes for reassessing platform policies and influencer marketing practices in ways that preserve the human dimension of digital identity.
The impact of using artificial intelligence to enhance linguistic awareness among Arabic language students at university: A Case Study Using ChatGPT
This study examines the impact of using ChatGPT on enhancing linguistic awareness among university students of Arabic through written production. To achieve this objective, a quasi-experimental design was adopted, involving a control group and an experimental group, both consisting of 15 students selected purposefully. The experimental group received organised training on ChatGPT for eight weeks. During this time, they were directed towards specific texts which they enhanced using the tool (e.g. rephrasing, summarising, expanding ideas, analysing structures, modifying style and correcting errors). In contrast, the control group performed the same tasks without the aid of the tool. We also developed a framework for the components of linguistic awareness and verified its validity and reliability. Additionally, we developed a test to measure levels of awareness in both groups before and after using the tool. The results revealed statistically significant differences concerning lexical, grammatical and semantic awareness at the significance level of α = 0.01, and regarding orthographic, morphological and stylistic awareness at the significance level of α = 0.05, favouring the experimental group. Furthermore, post-test results for the experimental group showed statistically significant values at the 0.01 level, indicating improvement in components of linguistic awareness. However, this improvement did not reach statistical significance for morphological and lexical awareness. The overall results of the study indicate a positive impact of using ChatGPT on enhancing linguistic awareness among students. This suggests that artificial intelligence tools, such as ChatGPT, should be integrated into the curricula of university Arabic language departments. This integration should combine theoretical and practical elements and include the development of specific writing activities and training to foster linguistic awareness among students. Keywords: artificial intelligence, ChatGPT, linguistic awareness, Arabic language department, university students, written production
Counter-Ideological Consciousness and Its Representations: A Study of Basim Khandaqji's Novel "A Mask the Color of the Sky"
This research paper endeavors to examine the (ideological) identity conflict in Basim Khandaqji's novel, "A Mask the Color of the Sky," specifically by highlighting the diverse manifestations of counter-ideological action within the novel's narrative system; it further seeks to unveil the varied aesthetic techniques employed by the author to expose the latent civilizational and historical postulations promoted by the Zionist Other through its numerous discourses, both past and present. To answer these questions, we chose to adopt a descriptive analytical approach, where the study concludes that ideology remains a significant director of literary creativity, in both poetry and prose, and a constitutive element of its content, which renders the relationship between them dialectical, fundamentally based on a process of mutual influence and affect.